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83 [eighty-three]

Past tense 3

‫83 [هشتاد و سه]‬ 83 [hashtâd-o-se]	‫ زمان گذشته 3‬ zamâne gozashte 3

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African Languages

In Africa, a great deal of different languages are spoken. No other continent has so many different languages. The variety of African languages is impressive. It is estimated that there are about 2,000 African languages. However, all of these languages are not alike! Quite the opposite – they are often completely different! The languages of Africa belong to four different language families. Some African languages have one-of-a-kind characteristics. For example, there are sounds that foreigners cannot imitate. Land boundaries are not always linguistic boundaries in Africa. In some regions, there are a great deal of different languages. In Tanzania, for example, languages from all four families are spoken. Afrikaans is an exception among the African languages. This language came into being in the colonial period. At that time people from different continents met each other. They came from Africa, Europe and Asia. A new language developed out of these contact situations. Afrikaans exhibits influences from many languages. It is most closely related to Dutch, however. Today Afrikaans is spoken in South Africa and Namibia more than anywhere else. The most unusual African language is the drum language. Every message can be theoretically sent with drums. The languages that are communicated with drums are tonal languages. The meaning of words or syllables depends on the pitch of the tones. That means that the tones have to be imitated by the drums. The drum language is even understood by children in Africa. And it is very efficient… The drum language can be heard for up to 12 kilometers!

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to make a call	‫_ل_ن ز_ن_ t_l_f_n z_d_n ‫تلفن زدن‬ telefon zadan ‫____ ز___ t______ z____ ‫تلفن زدن‬ telefon zadan _____ ____ _______ _____ ‫تلفن زدن‬ telefon zadan
I made a call.	‫_ن ت_ف_ ز_ه ا_._ m_n t_l_f_n z_d_-_m_ ‫من تلفن زده ام.‬ man telefon zade-am. ‫__ ت___ ز__ ا___ m__ t______ z_______ ‫من تلفن زده ام.‬ man telefon zade-am. ___ ____ ___ ____ ___ _______ ________ ‫من تلفن زده ام.‬ man telefon zade-am.
I was talking on the phone all the time.	‫_ن ت_ا_ م_ت ب_ ت_ف_ ص_ب_ م_‌_ر_م_‬ m_n t_m_m_ m_d_t b_ t_l_f_n s_h_a_ m_k_r_e_a_. ‫من تمام مدت با تلفن صحبت می‌کردم.‬ man tamâme modat bâ telefon sohbat mikarde-am. ‫__ ت___ م__ ب_ ت___ ص___ م________ m__ t_____ m____ b_ t______ s_____ m__________ ‫من تمام مدت با تلفن صحبت می‌کردم.‬ man tamâme modat bâ telefon sohbat mikarde-am. ___ ____ ___ __ ____ ____ _________ ___ ______ _____ __ _______ ______ ___________ ‫من تمام مدت با تلفن صحبت می‌کردم.‬ man tamâme modat bâ telefon sohbat mikarde-am.

to ask	‫_ؤ_ل ک_د_‬ s_â_ k_r_a_ ‫سؤال کردن‬ soâl kardan ‫____ ک____ s___ k_____ ‫سؤال کردن‬ soâl kardan _____ _____ ____ ______ ‫سؤال کردن‬ soâl kardan
I asked.	‫_ن س_ا_ ک_د_ ا_._ m_n s_â_ k_r_e_a_. ‫من سؤال کرده ام.‬ man soâl karde-am. ‫__ س___ ک___ ا___ m__ s___ k________ ‫من سؤال کرده ام.‬ man soâl karde-am. ___ ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ _________ ‫من سؤال کرده ام.‬ man soâl karde-am.
I always asked.	‫_ن ه_ی_ه س_ا_ م_‌_ر_م_‬ m_n h_m_s_e s_â_ m_k_r_e_a_. ‫من همیشه سوال می‌کردم.‬ man hamishe soâl mikarde-am. ‫__ ه____ س___ م________ m__ h______ s___ m__________ ‫من همیشه سوال می‌کردم.‬ man hamishe soâl mikarde-am. ___ _____ ____ _________ ___ _______ ____ ___________ ‫من همیشه سوال می‌کردم.‬ man hamishe soâl mikarde-am.

to narrate	‫_ع_ی_ ک_د_‬ t_-_-_i_ k_r_a_. ‫تعریف کردن‬ ta-e-rif kardan. ‫_____ ک____ t_______ k______ ‫تعریف کردن‬ ta-e-rif kardan. ______ _____ ________ _______ ‫تعریف کردن‬ ta-e-rif kardan.
I narrated.	‫_ن ت_ر_ف ک_د_ ا_._ m_n t_-_-_i_ k_r_e_a_. ‫من تعریف کرده ام.‬ man ta-e-rif karde-am. ‫__ ت____ ک___ ا___ m__ t_______ k________ ‫من تعریف کرده ام.‬ man ta-e-rif karde-am. ___ _____ ____ ____ ___ ________ _________ ‫من تعریف کرده ام.‬ man ta-e-rif karde-am.
I narrated the whole story.	‫_ن ت_ا_ د_س_ا_ ر_ ت_ر_ف ک_د_ ا_/_ر_م_‬ m_n t_m_m_ d_s_â_ r_ t_-_-_i_ k_r_e_a_. ‫من تمام داستان را تعریف کرده ام/کردم.‬ man tamâme dâstân râ ta-e-rif karde-am. ‫__ ت___ د_____ ر_ ت____ ک___ ا________ m__ t_____ d_____ r_ t_______ k________ ‫من تمام داستان را تعریف کرده ام/کردم.‬ man tamâme dâstân râ ta-e-rif karde-am. ___ ____ ______ __ _____ ____ _________ ___ ______ ______ __ ________ _________ ‫من تمام داستان را تعریف کرده ام/کردم.‬ man tamâme dâstân râ ta-e-rif karde-am.

to study	‫_ا_ گ_ف_ن_ y_d g_r_f_a_ ‫یاد گرفتن‬ yâd gereftan ‫___ گ_____ y__ g_______ ‫یاد گرفتن‬ yâd gereftan ____ ______ ___ ________ ‫یاد گرفتن‬ yâd gereftan
I studied.	‫_ن ی_د گ_ف_ه ا_._ m_n y_d g_r_f_e_a_. ‫من یاد گرفته ام.‬ man yâd gerefte-am. ‫__ ی__ گ____ ا___ m__ y__ g__________ ‫من یاد گرفته ام.‬ man yâd gerefte-am. ___ ___ _____ ____ ___ ___ ___________ ‫من یاد گرفته ام.‬ man yâd gerefte-am.
I studied the whole evening.	‫_ن ت_ا_ ش_ م_غ_ل ی_د_ی_ی ب_د_._ m_n t_m_m_ s_a_ m_s_-_h_l_ y_d_i_i b_d_-_m_ ‫من تمام شب مشغول یادگیری بودم.‬ man tamâme shab mash-ghule yâdgiri bude-am. ‫__ ت___ ش_ م____ ی______ ب_____ m__ t_____ s___ m_________ y______ b_______ ‫من تمام شب مشغول یادگیری بودم.‬ man tamâme shab mash-ghule yâdgiri bude-am. ___ ____ __ _____ _______ ______ ___ ______ ____ __________ _______ ________ ‫من تمام شب مشغول یادگیری بودم.‬ man tamâme shab mash-ghule yâdgiri bude-am.

to work	‫_ا_ ک_د_‬ k_r k_r_a_ ‫کار کردن‬ kâr kardan ‫___ ک____ k__ k_____ ‫کار کردن‬ kâr kardan ____ _____ ___ ______ ‫کار کردن‬ kâr kardan
I worked.	‫_ن ک_ر ک_د_ ا_._ m_n k_r k_r_e_a_. ‫من کار کرده ام.‬ man kâr karde-am. ‫__ ک__ ک___ ا___ m__ k__ k________ ‫من کار کرده ام.‬ man kâr karde-am. ___ ___ ____ ____ ___ ___ _________ ‫من کار کرده ام.‬ man kâr karde-am.
I worked all day long.	‫_ن ت_ا_ ر_ز ک_ر م_‌_ر_م_‬ m_n t_m_m_ r_o_ r_ k_r k_r_e_a_. ‫من تمام روز کار می‌کردم.‬ man tamâme rooz râ kâr karde-am. ‫__ ت___ ر__ ک__ م________ m__ t_____ r___ r_ k__ k________ ‫من تمام روز کار می‌کردم.‬ man tamâme rooz râ kâr karde-am. ___ ____ ___ ___ _________ ___ ______ ____ __ ___ _________ ‫من تمام روز کار می‌کردم.‬ man tamâme rooz râ kâr karde-am.

to eat	‫_ذ_ خ_ر_ن_ g_a_â k_o_d_n ‫غذا خوردن‬ ghazâ khordan ‫___ خ_____ g____ k______ ‫غذا خوردن‬ ghazâ khordan ____ ______ _____ _______ ‫غذا خوردن‬ ghazâ khordan
I ate.	‫_ن غ_ا خ_ر_ه ا_._ m_n g_a_â k_o_d_-_m_ ‫من غذا خورده ام.‬ man ghazâ khorde-am. ‫__ غ__ خ____ ا___ m__ g____ k_________ ‫من غذا خورده ام.‬ man ghazâ khorde-am. ___ ___ _____ ____ ___ _____ __________ ‫من غذا خورده ام.‬ man ghazâ khorde-am.
I ate all the food.	‫_ن ت_ا_ غ_ا ر_ خ_ر_م_‬ m_n t_m_m_ g_a_â r_ k_o_d_-_m_ ‫من تمام غذا را خوردم.‬ man tamâme ghazâ râ khorde-am. ‫__ ت___ غ__ ر_ خ______ m__ t_____ g____ r_ k_________ ‫من تمام غذا را خوردم.‬ man tamâme ghazâ râ khorde-am. ___ ____ ___ __ _______ ___ ______ _____ __ __________ ‫من تمام غذا را خوردم.‬ man tamâme ghazâ râ khorde-am.

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