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66 [sixty-six]

Possessive pronouns 1

‫66 [ستة وستون]‬ 66 [stat wastun]	‫ضمائر الملكية 1‬ idmayir almalakiat 1

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Code-switching

More and more people are growing up bilingual. They can speak more than one language. Many of these people often switch languages. They decide which language to use depending on the situation. For example, they speak a different language at work than at home. By doing so, they adapt themselves to their environment. But there is also the possibility of switching languages spontaneously. This phenomenon is called code-switching . In code-switching, the language gets switched in the middle of speaking. There could be many reasons why speakers switch languages. Often, they don't find the appropriate word in one language. They can express themselves better in the other language. It can also be that the speaker feels more confident in one of the languages. They use this language for private or personal things. Sometimes a certain word doesn't exist in a language. In this case the speaker must switch languages. Or they switch languages so that they aren't understood. In that case code-switching works like a secret language. Earlier, mixing languages was criticized. It was thought that the speaker couldn't speak either language correctly. Today it is viewed differently. Code-switching is recognized as a special linguistic competence. It can be interesting to observe speakers using code-switching. Often, they don't just switch the language they're speaking. Other communicative elements change as well. Many speak faster, louder or more accentuated in the other language. Or they suddenly use more gestures and facial expressions. In this way, code-switching is always a little bit of culture-switching too…

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I – my	‫_ن_ ـ_ـ_ـ_ـ_ـ ي / ـ_ـ_ـ_‬ a_a_ y / y ‫أنا ـــــــــ ي / ـــــي‬ anaa y / y ‫___ ـ________ ي / ـ______ a___ y / y ‫أنا ـــــــــ ي / ـــــي‬ anaa y / y ____ _________ _ _ _______ ____ _ _ _ ‫أنا ـــــــــ ي / ـــــي‬ anaa y / y
I can’t find my key.	‫_ا أ_د م_ت_ح_._ l_a '_j_d_ m_f_t_h_a_ ‫لا أجد مفتاحي.‬ laa 'ajidu mufatahia. ‫__ أ__ م_______ l__ '_____ m_________ ‫لا أجد مفتاحي.‬ laa 'ajidu mufatahia. ___ ___ ________ ___ ______ __________ ‫لا أجد مفتاحي.‬ laa 'ajidu mufatahia.
I can’t find my ticket.	‫_ا أ_د ت_ك_ة س_ر_._ l_a '_j_d_ t_d_k_r_t_n s_f_i_ ‫لا أجد تذكرة سفري.‬ laa 'ajidu tadhkiratan safri. ‫__ أ__ ت____ س_____ l__ '_____ t__________ s_____ ‫لا أجد تذكرة سفري.‬ laa 'ajidu tadhkiratan safri. ___ ___ _____ ______ ___ ______ ___________ ______ ‫لا أجد تذكرة سفري.‬ laa 'ajidu tadhkiratan safri.

you – your	‫ أ_ت ـ_ـ_ـ_ـ_ ـ_ك_ ك_ '_n_ k_ k ‫ أنت ــــــــ ــك/ ك‬ 'ant k/ k ‫ أ__ ـ_______ ـ___ ك_ '___ k_ k ‫ أنت ــــــــ ــك/ ك‬ 'ant k/ k _ ___ ________ ____ __ ____ __ _ ‫ أنت ــــــــ ــك/ ك‬ 'ant k/ k
Have you found your key?	‫_ل و_د_ م_ت_ح_؟_ h_ w_j_d_t m_f_a_k_ ‫هل وجدت مفتاحك؟‬ hl wajadat miftahk? ‫__ و___ م_______ h_ w______ m_______ ‫هل وجدت مفتاحك؟‬ hl wajadat miftahk? ___ ____ ________ __ _______ ________ ‫هل وجدت مفتاحك؟‬ hl wajadat miftahk?
Have you found your ticket?	‫_ل و_د_ ت_ك_ة س_ر_؟_ h_ w_j_d_t t_d_k_r_t s_f_k_? ‫هل وجدت تذكرة سفرك؟‬ hl wajadat tadhkirat safrka? ‫__ و___ ت____ س_____ h_ w______ t________ s______ ‫هل وجدت تذكرة سفرك؟‬ hl wajadat tadhkirat safrka? ___ ____ _____ ______ __ _______ _________ _______ ‫هل وجدت تذكرة سفرك؟‬ hl wajadat tadhkirat safrka?

he – his	‫_و ـ_ـ_ـ_ـ_ـ ـ_ـ_ـ_/ ه_ h_ h_ h ‫هو ـــــــــ ـــــه/ ه‬ hw h/ h ‫__ ـ________ ـ______ ه_ h_ h_ h ‫هو ـــــــــ ـــــه/ ه‬ hw h/ h ___ _________ _______ __ __ __ _ ‫هو ـــــــــ ـــــه/ ه‬ hw h/ h
Do you know where his key is?	‫_ت_ل_ أ_ن ه_ م_ت_ح_؟_ a_a_l_m '_y_ h_ m_f_t_h_h_ ‫أتعلم أين هو مفتاحه؟‬ ataelam 'ayn hu mufatahuh? ‫_____ أ__ ه_ م_______ a______ '___ h_ m_________ ‫أتعلم أين هو مفتاحه؟‬ ataelam 'ayn hu mufatahuh? ______ ___ __ ________ _______ ____ __ __________ ‫أتعلم أين هو مفتاحه؟‬ ataelam 'ayn hu mufatahuh?
Do you know where his ticket is?	‫_ت_ل_ أ_ن ه_ ت_ك_ة س_ر_؟_ a_a_l_m '_y_ h_ t_d_k_r_t s_f_r_? ‫أتعلم أين هي تذكرة سفره؟‬ ataelam 'ayn hi tadhkirat safarh? ‫_____ أ__ ه_ ت____ س_____ a______ '___ h_ t________ s______ ‫أتعلم أين هي تذكرة سفره؟‬ ataelam 'ayn hi tadhkirat safarh? ______ ___ __ _____ ______ _______ ____ __ _________ _______ ‫أتعلم أين هي تذكرة سفره؟‬ ataelam 'ayn hi tadhkirat safarh?

she – her	‫_ي ـ_ـ_ـ_ـ_ـ_ ه_ / ـ_ـ_ا_ h_ h_ / h_ ‫هي ــــــــــ ها / ـــها‬ hi ha / ha ‫__ ـ_________ ه_ / ـ_____ h_ h_ / h_ ‫هي ــــــــــ ها / ـــها‬ hi ha / ha ___ __________ __ _ ______ __ __ _ __ ‫هي ــــــــــ ها / ـــها‬ hi ha / ha
Her money is gone.	‫_ق_ ف_د_ ن_و_ه_._ l_a_ f_q_d_t n_q_d_h_. ‫لقد فقدت نقودها.‬ lqad faqadat nuquduha. ‫___ ف___ ن_______ l___ f______ n________ ‫لقد فقدت نقودها.‬ lqad faqadat nuquduha. ____ ____ ________ ____ _______ _________ ‫لقد فقدت نقودها.‬ lqad faqadat nuquduha.
And her credit card is also gone.	‫_م_ أ_ه_ ف_د_ ب_ا_ت_ا ا_إ_ت_ا_ي_._ k_a '_n_h_ f_q_d_t b_t_q_t_h_ a_'_i_a_a_i_t_. ‫كما أنها فقدت بطاقتها الإئتمانية.‬ kma 'anaha faqadat bitaqatiha al'iitamaniata. ‫___ أ___ ف___ ب______ ا___________ k__ '_____ f______ b_________ a______________ ‫كما أنها فقدت بطاقتها الإئتمانية.‬ kma 'anaha faqadat bitaqatiha al'iitamaniata. ____ ____ ____ _______ ____________ ___ ______ _______ __________ _______________ ‫كما أنها فقدت بطاقتها الإئتمانية.‬ kma 'anaha faqadat bitaqatiha al'iitamaniata.

we – our	‫_ح_ ـ_ـ_ـ_ـ_ـ ن_‬ n_a_ n_ ‫نحن ـــــــــ نا‬ nhan na ‫___ ـ________ ن__ n___ n_ ‫نحن ـــــــــ نا‬ nhan na ____ _________ ___ ____ __ ‫نحن ـــــــــ نا‬ nhan na
Our grandfather is ill.	‫_د_ا م_ي_._ j_u_a m_r_d_. ‫جدنا مريض.‬ jduna murida. ‫____ م_____ j____ m______ ‫جدنا مريض.‬ jduna murida. _____ ______ _____ _______ ‫جدنا مريض.‬ jduna murida.
Our grandmother is healthy.	‫_د_ن_ ب_ح_ ج_د_._ j_a_n_ b_s_h_t j_y_d_t_. ‫جدتنا بصحة جيدة.‬ jdatna bisihat jayidata. ‫_____ ب___ ج_____ j_____ b______ j________ ‫جدتنا بصحة جيدة.‬ jdatna bisihat jayidata. ______ ____ ______ ______ _______ _________ ‫جدتنا بصحة جيدة.‬ jdatna bisihat jayidata.

you – your	‫_ن_م ـ_ـ_ـ_ـ_ـ ك_ ـ_ـ_ك_/_ن_ن_ ـ_ـ_ـ_ـ_ ـ_ك_‬ a_t_m k_m k_/_n_n k_n ‫أنتم ـــــــــ كم ــــكم/أنتنّ ــــــــ ــكن‬ antum kam km/antn kin ‫____ ـ________ ك_ ـ___________ ـ_______ ـ____ a____ k__ k______ k__ ‫أنتم ـــــــــ كم ــــكم/أنتنّ ــــــــ ــكن‬ antum kam km/antn kin _____ _________ __ ____________ ________ _____ _____ ___ _______ ___ ‫أنتم ـــــــــ كم ــــكم/أنتنّ ــــــــ ــكن‬ antum kam km/antn kin
Children, where is your father?	‫_ا أ_ف_ل_ أ_ن و_ل_ك_؟_ y_a '_t_a_, '_y_ w_l_a_m_? ‫يا أطفال، أين والدكم؟‬ yaa 'atfal, 'ayn waldakma? ‫__ أ_____ أ__ و_______ y__ '______ '___ w________ ‫يا أطفال، أين والدكم؟‬ yaa 'atfal, 'ayn waldakma? ___ ______ ___ ________ ___ _______ ____ _________ ‫يا أطفال، أين والدكم؟‬ yaa 'atfal, 'ayn waldakma?
Children, where is your mother?	‫_ا أ_ف_ل_ أ_ن و_ل_ت_م_‬ y_a '_t_a_, '_y_ w_l_a_u_a_? ‫يا أطفال، أين والدتكم؟‬ yaa 'atfal, 'ayn waldatukam? ‫__ أ_____ أ__ و________ y__ '______ '___ w__________ ‫يا أطفال، أين والدتكم؟‬ yaa 'atfal, 'ayn waldatukam? ___ ______ ___ _________ ___ _______ ____ ___________ ‫يا أطفال، أين والدتكم؟‬ yaa 'atfal, 'ayn waldatukam?

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