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58 [fifty-eight]

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‫58 [ثمانية وخمسون]‬ 58 [thmanyat wakhamsuna]	‫أجزاء الجسم‬ ajiza' aljasm

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Does a universal grammar exist?

When we learn a language, we also learn its grammar. When children learn their native language, this happens automatically. They don't notice that their brain is learning various rules. Despite this, they learn their native language correctly from the beginning. Given that many languages exist, many grammar systems exist too. But is there also a universal grammar? Scientists have been studying this for a long time. New studies could provide an answer. Because brain researchers have made an interesting discovery. They had test subjects study grammar rules. These subjects were language school students. They studied Japanese or Italian. Half of the grammar rules were totally fabricated. However, the test subjects didn't know that. The students were presented with sentences after studying. They had to assess whether or not the sentences were correct. While they were working through the sentences, their brains were analyzed. That is to say, the researchers measured the activity of the brain. This way they could examine how the brain reacted to the sentences. And it appears that our brain recognizes grammar! When processing speech, certain brain areas are active. The Broca Center is one of them. It is located in the left cerebrum. When the students were faced with real grammar rules, it was very active. With the fabricated rules on the other hand, the activity decreased considerably. So it could be that all grammar systems have the same basis. Then they would all follow the same principles. And these principles would be inherent in us…

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I am drawing a man.	‫_ـ_س_ ر_ل_ً_‬ a_i_i_ r_l_a_. ‫أـرسم رجلاً.‬ arisim rjlaan. ‫_____ ر______ a_____ r______ ‫أـرسم رجلاً.‬ arisim rjlaan. ______ _______ ______ _______ ‫أـرسم رجلاً.‬ arisim rjlaan.
First the head.	‫_و_ا_ ا_ر_س_‬ a_l_a_ a_r_a_a_ ‫أولاً الرأس.‬ awlaan alraasa. ‫_____ ا______ a_____ a_______ ‫أولاً الرأس.‬ awlaan alraasa. ______ _______ ______ ________ ‫أولاً الرأس.‬ awlaan alraasa.
The man is wearing a hat.	‫_ر_د_ ا_ر_ل ق_ع_ً_‬ y_a_a_i a_r_j_l q_e_a_. ‫يرتدي الرجل قبعةً.‬ yratadi alrajul qbetan. ‫_____ ا____ ق______ y______ a______ q______ ‫يرتدي الرجل قبعةً.‬ yratadi alrajul qbetan. ______ _____ _______ _______ _______ _______ ‫يرتدي الرجل قبعةً.‬ yratadi alrajul qbetan.

One cannot see the hair.	‫_ا ي_ك_ ر_ي_ ا_ش_ر_‬ l_a y_m_i_ r_y_t a_s_a_r_. ‫لا يمكن رؤية الشعر.‬ laa yumkin ruyat alshaera. ‫__ ي___ ر___ ا______ l__ y_____ r____ a________ ‫لا يمكن رؤية الشعر.‬ laa yumkin ruyat alshaera. ___ ____ ____ _______ ___ ______ _____ _________ ‫لا يمكن رؤية الشعر.‬ laa yumkin ruyat alshaera.
One cannot see the ears either.	‫_ل_ ي_ك_ أ_ض_ً ر_ي_ ا_آ_ن_ن_‬ w_a y_m_i_ a_d_a_ r_y_t a_a_h_n_n_. ‫ولا يمكن أيضاً رؤية الآذنين.‬ wla yumkin aydaan ruyat aladhanina. ‫___ ي___ أ____ ر___ ا________ w__ y_____ a_____ r____ a__________ ‫ولا يمكن أيضاً رؤية الآذنين.‬ wla yumkin aydaan ruyat aladhanina. ____ ____ _____ ____ _________ ___ ______ ______ _____ ___________ ‫ولا يمكن أيضاً رؤية الآذنين.‬ wla yumkin aydaan ruyat aladhanina.
One cannot see his back either.	‫_ل_ ي_ك_ ك_ل_ ر_ي_ ا_ظ_ر_‬ w_a y_m_i_ k_h_k r_y_t a_z_h_. ‫ولا يمكن كذلك رؤية الظهر.‬ wla yumkin kdhlk ruyat alzuhr. ‫___ ي___ ك___ ر___ ا______ w__ y_____ k____ r____ a______ ‫ولا يمكن كذلك رؤية الظهر.‬ wla yumkin kdhlk ruyat alzuhr. ____ ____ ____ ____ _______ ___ ______ _____ _____ _______ ‫ولا يمكن كذلك رؤية الظهر.‬ wla yumkin kdhlk ruyat alzuhr.

I am drawing the eyes and the mouth.	‫_ن_ أ_س_ ا_ع_ن_ن و_ل_م_‬ '_i_i '_r_i_ a_e_y_a_n w_l_u_. ‫إني أرسم العينين والفم.‬ 'iini 'arsim aleaynayn walfum. ‫___ أ___ ا______ و______ '____ '_____ a________ w______ ‫إني أرسم العينين والفم.‬ 'iini 'arsim aleaynayn walfum. ____ ____ _______ _______ _____ ______ _________ _______ ‫إني أرسم العينين والفم.‬ 'iini 'arsim aleaynayn walfum.
The man is dancing and laughing.	‫_ر_ص ا_ر_ل و_ض_ك_‬ y_a_i_ a_r_j_l w_y_d_a_. ‫يرقص الرجل ويضحك.‬ yraqis alrajul wayadhak. ‫____ ا____ و______ y_____ a______ w________ ‫يرقص الرجل ويضحك.‬ yraqis alrajul wayadhak. _____ _____ _______ ______ _______ _________ ‫يرقص الرجل ويضحك.‬ yraqis alrajul wayadhak.
The man has a long nose.	‫_ل_ج_ أ_ف ط_ي_._ l_i_a_i_ '_n_ t_w_l_n_ ‫للرجل أنف طويل.‬ llirajil 'anf tawilan. ‫_____ أ__ ط_____ l_______ '___ t_______ ‫للرجل أنف طويل.‬ llirajil 'anf tawilan. ______ ___ ______ ________ ____ ________ ‫للرجل أنف طويل.‬ llirajil 'anf tawilan.

He is carrying a cane in his hands.	‫_ن_ ي_م_ ع_ا ف_ ي_ه_‬ '_i_a_ y_h_i_ e_s_n_ f_ y_d_a_ ‫إنه يحمل عصا في يده.‬ 'iinah yahmil easana fi yadha. ‫___ ي___ ع__ ف_ ي____ '_____ y_____ e_____ f_ y_____ ‫إنه يحمل عصا في يده.‬ 'iinah yahmil easana fi yadha. ____ ____ ___ __ _____ ______ ______ ______ __ ______ ‫إنه يحمل عصا في يده.‬ 'iinah yahmil easana fi yadha.
He is also wearing a scarf around his neck.	‫_ي_ت_ي و_ا_ا_ ح_ل ع_ق_._ w_r_a_i w_h_h_a_ h_w_ e_n_h_. ‫ويرتدي وشاحاً حول عنقه.‬ wyrtadi wshahaan hawl einqha. ‫______ و_____ ح__ ع_____ w______ w_______ h___ e______ ‫ويرتدي وشاحاً حول عنقه.‬ wyrtadi wshahaan hawl einqha. _______ ______ ___ ______ _______ ________ ____ _______ ‫ويرتدي وشاحاً حول عنقه.‬ wyrtadi wshahaan hawl einqha.
It is winter and it is cold.	‫_ل_ص_ ف_ل ا_ش_ا_ و_ل_ق_ ب_ر_._ a_f_s_ f_s_ a_s_i_a_ w_l_a_s b_r_a_ ‫الفصل فصل الشتاء والطقس بارد.‬ alfasl fasl alshita' waltaqs barda. ‫_____ ف__ ا_____ و_____ ب_____ a_____ f___ a_______ w______ b_____ ‫الفصل فصل الشتاء والطقس بارد.‬ alfasl fasl alshita' waltaqs barda. ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ____ ________ _______ ______ ‫الفصل فصل الشتاء والطقس بارد.‬ alfasl fasl alshita' waltaqs barda.

The arms are athletic.	‫_ل_ر_ع_ن ق_ي_ن_‬ a_d_i_a_a_ q_a_a_a_ ‫الذراعان قويان.‬ aldhiraean quayana. ‫________ ق______ a_________ q_______ ‫الذراعان قويان.‬ aldhiraean quayana. _________ _______ __________ ________ ‫الذراعان قويان.‬ aldhiraean quayana.
The legs are also athletic.	‫_ا_س_ق_ن أ_ض_ً_‬ w_l_a_a_ a_d_a_. ‫والساقان أيضاً.‬ walsaqan aydaan. ‫________ أ______ w_______ a______ ‫والساقان أيضاً.‬ walsaqan aydaan. _________ _______ ________ _______ ‫والساقان أيضاً.‬ walsaqan aydaan.
The man is made of snow.	‫_ل_ج_ م_ن_ع م_ ا_ث_ج_‬ a_r_j_l m_s_a_e m_n a_t_u_j_ ‫الرجل مصنوع من الثلج.‬ alrujul masnawe min althulj. ‫_____ م____ م_ ا______ a______ m______ m__ a_______ ‫الرجل مصنوع من الثلج.‬ alrujul masnawe min althulj. ______ _____ __ _______ _______ _______ ___ ________ ‫الرجل مصنوع من الثلج.‬ alrujul masnawe min althulj.

He is neither wearing pants nor a coat.	‫_ن_ ل_ ي_ت_ي س_و_ل_ً و_ا م_ط_ا_._ '_i_a_ l_ y_r_a_i s_w_l_a_ w_l_ m_t_a_n_ ‫إنه لا يرتدي سروالاً ولا معطفاً.‬ 'iinah la yartadi srwalaan wala metfaan. ‫___ ل_ ي____ س______ و__ م_______ '_____ l_ y______ s_______ w___ m_______ ‫إنه لا يرتدي سروالاً ولا معطفاً.‬ 'iinah la yartadi srwalaan wala metfaan. ____ __ _____ _______ ___ ________ ______ __ _______ ________ ____ ________ ‫إنه لا يرتدي سروالاً ولا معطفاً.‬ 'iinah la yartadi srwalaan wala metfaan.
But the man is not freezing.	‫_ا_ر_ل ل_ ي_ع_ ب_ل_ر_._ w_l_a_l l_ y_s_e_r b_a_b_r_a_ ‫والرجل لا يشعر بالبرد.‬ walrajl la yasheur bialbarda. ‫______ ل_ ي___ ب_______ w______ l_ y______ b_________ ‫والرجل لا يشعر بالبرد.‬ walrajl la yasheur bialbarda. _______ __ ____ ________ _______ __ _______ __________ ‫والرجل لا يشعر بالبرد.‬ walrajl la yasheur bialbarda.
He is a snowman.	‫_ن_ ر_ل ا_ث_ج_‬ '_i_a_ r_j_l a_t_u_j_. ‫إنه رجل الثلج.‬ 'iinah rajul althulja. ‫___ ر__ ا______ '_____ r____ a________ ‫إنه رجل الثلج.‬ 'iinah rajul althulja. ____ ___ _______ ______ _____ _________ ‫إنه رجل الثلج.‬ 'iinah rajul althulja.

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Does a universal grammar exist?

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