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34 [thirty-four]

On the train

‫34 [أربعة وثلاثون]‬ 34 [arabeat wathalathun]	‫فى القطار‬ faa alqatara

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The development of language

Why we speak with each other is clear. We want to exchange ideas and understand each other. How exactly language originated, on the other hand, is less clear. Various theories exist about this. What's certain is that language is a very old phenomenon. Certain physical traits were a prerequisite for speaking. They were necessary in order for us to form sounds. People as far back as the Neanderthals had the ability to apply their voice. In this way, they could distinguish themselves from animals. Additionally, a loud, firm voice was important for defense. A person could threaten or frighten enemies with it. Back then, tools had already been made and fire had been discovered. This knowledge had to be passed along somehow. Speech was also important for hunting in groups. As early as 2 million years ago there was a simple understanding among people. The first linguistic elements were signs and gestures. But people wanted to be able to communicate in the dark too. More importantly, they also had the need to talk to each other without looking. Therefore, the voice developed, and it replaced the gestures. Language in today's sense is at least 50,000 years old. When Homo sapiens left Africa, they distributed language around the world. The languages separated from each other in the different regions. That is to say, various language families came into being. However, they only contained the fundamentals of language systems. The first languages were much less complex than languages today. They were further developed through grammar, phonology and semantics. It could be said that different languages have different solutions. But the problem was always the same: How do I show what I'm thinking?

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Is that the train to Berlin?	‫_ل ه_ا_و ا_ق_ا_ إ_ى ب_ل_ن_‬ h_ h_d_a_u a_q_t_r '_i_a_ b_r_i_a_ ‫هل هذاهو القطار إلى برلين؟‬ hl hadhahu alqitar 'iilaa barlina? ‫__ ه____ ا_____ إ__ ب______ h_ h______ a______ '_____ b_______ ‫هل هذاهو القطار إلى برلين؟‬ hl hadhahu alqitar 'iilaa barlina? ___ _____ ______ ___ _______ __ _______ _______ ______ ________ ‫هل هذاهو القطار إلى برلين؟‬ hl hadhahu alqitar 'iilaa barlina?
When does the train leave?	‫_ت_ ي_ط_ق ا_ق_ا_؟_ m_t_a y_n_a_i_ a_q_t_r_? ‫متى ينطلق القطار؟‬ mataa yantaliq alqatara? ‫___ ي____ ا_______ m____ y_______ a________ ‫متى ينطلق القطار؟‬ mataa yantaliq alqatara? ____ _____ ________ _____ ________ _________ ‫متى ينطلق القطار؟‬ mataa yantaliq alqatara?
When does the train arrive in Berlin?	‫_ت_ ي_ل ا_ق_ا_ إ_ى ب_ل_ن_‬ m_t_a y_s_l a_q_t_r '_i_a_ b_r_i_? ‫متى يصل القطار إلى برلين؟‬ mataa yasil alqitar 'iilaa barlin? ‫___ ي__ ا_____ إ__ ب______ m____ y____ a______ '_____ b______ ‫متى يصل القطار إلى برلين؟‬ mataa yasil alqitar 'iilaa barlin? ____ ___ ______ ___ _______ _____ _____ _______ ______ _______ ‫متى يصل القطار إلى برلين؟‬ mataa yasil alqitar 'iilaa barlin?

Excuse me, may I pass?	‫_ت_م_ ل_ ب_ل_ر_ر_‬ a_a_a_i_ l_ b_a_m_r_r_? ‫أتسمح لي بالمرور؟‬ atasamih li bialmurura? ‫_____ ل_ ب________ a_______ l_ b__________ ‫أتسمح لي بالمرور؟‬ atasamih li bialmurura? ______ __ _________ ________ __ ___________ ‫أتسمح لي بالمرور؟‬ atasamih li bialmurura?
I think this is my seat.	‫_ظ_ أ_ ه_ا م_ع_ي_‬ a_u_ '_n_ h_h_ m_q_a_i_ ‫أظن أن هذا مقعدي.‬ azun 'ana hdha muqeadi. ‫___ أ_ ه__ م______ a___ '___ h___ m_______ ‫أظن أن هذا مقعدي.‬ azun 'ana hdha muqeadi. ____ __ ___ _______ ____ ____ ____ ________ ‫أظن أن هذا مقعدي.‬ azun 'ana hdha muqeadi.
I think you’re sitting in my seat.	‫_ظ_ أ_ك ت_ل_ ع_ى م_ع_ي_‬ a_u_ '_n_k t_j_a_ e_l_a m_q_a_i_ ‫أظن أنك تجلس على مقعدي.‬ azun 'anak tajlas ealaa muqeadi. ‫___ أ__ ت___ ع__ م______ a___ '____ t_____ e____ m_______ ‫أظن أنك تجلس على مقعدي.‬ azun 'anak tajlas ealaa muqeadi. ____ ___ ____ ___ _______ ____ _____ ______ _____ ________ ‫أظن أنك تجلس على مقعدي.‬ azun 'anak tajlas ealaa muqeadi.

Where is the sleeper?	‫_ي_ ع_ب_ ا_ن_م_‬ a_n e_r_b_t a_n_w_? ‫أين عربة النوم؟‬ ayn eurabat alnuwm? ‫___ ع___ ا______ a__ e______ a______ ‫أين عربة النوم؟‬ ayn eurabat alnuwm? ____ ____ _______ ___ _______ _______ ‫أين عربة النوم؟‬ ayn eurabat alnuwm?
The sleeper is at the end of the train.	‫_ر_ة ا_ن_م ف_ آ_ر ا_ق_ا_._ e_i_a_ a_n_w_ f_ a_h_r a_q_t_r_. ‫عربة النوم في آخر القطار.‬ eribat alnuwm fi akhir alqitara. ‫____ ا____ ف_ آ__ ا_______ e_____ a_____ f_ a____ a________ ‫عربة النوم في آخر القطار.‬ eribat alnuwm fi akhir alqitara. _____ _____ __ ___ ________ ______ ______ __ _____ _________ ‫عربة النوم في آخر القطار.‬ eribat alnuwm fi akhir alqitara.
And where is the dining car? – At the front.	‫_أ_ن ع_ب_ ا_ط_ا_؟ ـ_ـ_ـ ف_ ا_م_د_ة_‬ w_a_n e_r_b_t a_t_e_m_ f_ a_m_q_d_m_t_ ‫وأين عربة الطعام؟ ـــــ في المقدمة.‬ w'ayn earabat altaeam? fi almuqadimat. ‫____ ع___ ا______ ـ____ ف_ ا________ w____ e______ a_______ f_ a___________ ‫وأين عربة الطعام؟ ـــــ في المقدمة.‬ w'ayn earabat altaeam? fi almuqadimat. _____ ____ _______ _____ __ _________ _____ _______ ________ __ ____________ ‫وأين عربة الطعام؟ ـــــ في المقدمة.‬ w'ayn earabat altaeam? fi almuqadimat.

Can I sleep below?	‫_ي_ك_ن_ ا_ن_م ف_ ا_س_ي_ ا_س_ل_؟_ a_a_k_n_i_ a_n_w_ f_ a_s_r_r a_s_f_i_ ‫أيمكنني النوم في السرير السفلي؟‬ ayamkannii alnawm fi alsarir alsifli? ‫_______ ا____ ف_ ا_____ ا_______ a_________ a_____ f_ a______ a_______ ‫أيمكنني النوم في السرير السفلي؟‬ ayamkannii alnawm fi alsarir alsifli? ________ _____ __ ______ ________ __________ ______ __ _______ ________ ‫أيمكنني النوم في السرير السفلي؟‬ ayamkannii alnawm fi alsarir alsifli?
Can I sleep in the middle?	‫_ي_ك_ن_ ا_ن_م ف_ ا_س_ي_ ا_أ_س_؟_ a_a_k_n_i a_n_w_ f_ a_s_r_r a_'_w_a_a_ ‫أيمكنني النوم في السرير الأوسط؟‬ ayamkanni alnawm fi alsarir al'awsata? ‫_______ ا____ ف_ ا_____ ا_______ a________ a_____ f_ a______ a_________ ‫أيمكنني النوم في السرير الأوسط؟‬ ayamkanni alnawm fi alsarir al'awsata? ________ _____ __ ______ ________ _________ ______ __ _______ __________ ‫أيمكنني النوم في السرير الأوسط؟‬ ayamkanni alnawm fi alsarir al'awsata?
Can I sleep at the top?	‫_ي_ك_ن_ ا_ن_م ف_ ا_س_ي_ ا_ع_و_؟_ a_a_k_n_i_ a_n_w_ f_ a_s_r_r a_e_l_w_y_ ‫أيمكنني النوم في السرير العلوي؟‬ ayamkannii alnawm fi alsarir aleuluway? ‫_______ ا____ ف_ ا_____ ا_______ a_________ a_____ f_ a______ a_________ ‫أيمكنني النوم في السرير العلوي؟‬ ayamkannii alnawm fi alsarir aleuluway? ________ _____ __ ______ ________ __________ ______ __ _______ __________ ‫أيمكنني النوم في السرير العلوي؟‬ ayamkannii alnawm fi alsarir aleuluway?

When will we get to the border?	‫_ت_ ن_ل إ_ى ا_ح_و_؟_ m_t_a n_s_l '_i_a_ a_h_d_w_? ‫متى نصل إلى الحدود؟‬ mataa nasil 'iilaa alhuduwd? ‫___ ن__ إ__ ا_______ m____ n____ '_____ a________ ‫متى نصل إلى الحدود؟‬ mataa nasil 'iilaa alhuduwd? ____ ___ ___ ________ _____ _____ ______ _________ ‫متى نصل إلى الحدود؟‬ mataa nasil 'iilaa alhuduwd?
How long does the journey to Berlin take?	‫_م ت_ت_ر_ ا_ر_ل_ إ_ى ب_ل_ن_‬ k_ t_s_a_h_i_ a_r_h_a_ '_i_a_ b_r_i_? ‫كم تستغرق الرحلة إلى برلين؟‬ km tastaghriq alrihlat 'iilaa barlin? ‫__ ت_____ ا_____ إ__ ب______ k_ t_________ a_______ '_____ b______ ‫كم تستغرق الرحلة إلى برلين؟‬ km tastaghriq alrihlat 'iilaa barlin? ___ ______ ______ ___ _______ __ __________ ________ ______ _______ ‫كم تستغرق الرحلة إلى برلين؟‬ km tastaghriq alrihlat 'iilaa barlin?
Is the train delayed?	‫_ل س_ت_خ_ ا_ق_ا_؟_‬ h_ s_y_t_'_k_a_ a_q_t_r_?_ ‫هل سيتأخر القطار؟؟‬ hl sayata'akhar alqatara?? ‫__ س_____ ا________ h_ s___________ a_________ ‫هل سيتأخر القطار؟؟‬ hl sayata'akhar alqatara?? ___ ______ _________ __ ____________ __________ ‫هل سيتأخر القطار؟؟‬ hl sayata'akhar alqatara??

Do you have something to read?	‫_ل ل_ي_ ش_ئ ل_ق_ا_ة_‬ h_ l_d_y_ s_a_y l_l_a_a_a_a_ ‫هل لديك شيئ للقراءة؟‬ hl ladayk shayy lilqara'ata? ‫__ ل___ ش__ ل________ h_ l_____ s____ l___________ ‫هل لديك شيئ للقراءة؟‬ hl ladayk shayy lilqara'ata? ___ ____ ___ _________ __ ______ _____ ____________ ‫هل لديك شيئ للقراءة؟‬ hl ladayk shayy lilqara'ata?
Can one get something to eat and to drink here?	‫_ل ي_ك_ ا_ح_و_ ه_ا ع_ى ط_ا_ و_ر_ب_‬ h_ y_m_i_ a_h_s_l h_n_ e_l_a t_e_m w_s_a_a_? ‫هل يمكن الحصول هنا على طعام وشراب؟‬ hl yumkin alhusul huna ealaa taeam washarab? ‫__ ي___ ا_____ ه__ ع__ ط___ و______ h_ y_____ a______ h___ e____ t____ w________ ‫هل يمكن الحصول هنا على طعام وشراب؟‬ hl yumkin alhusul huna ealaa taeam washarab? ___ ____ ______ ___ ___ ____ _______ __ ______ _______ ____ _____ _____ _________ ‫هل يمكن الحصول هنا على طعام وشراب؟‬ hl yumkin alhusul huna ealaa taeam washarab?
Could you please wake me up at 7 o’clock?	‫_ي_ك_ك إ_ق_ظ_ ف_ ا_س_ب_ة ص_ا_ا_؟_ a_m_a_k '_i_a_i f_ a_s_a_i_a_ s_a_a_n_ ‫أيمكنك إيقاظي في السابعة صباحاً؟‬ aymkank 'iiqazi fi alssabieat sbahaan? ‫______ إ_____ ف_ ا______ ص_______ a______ '______ f_ a_________ s_______ ‫أيمكنك إيقاظي في السابعة صباحاً؟‬ aymkank 'iiqazi fi alssabieat sbahaan? _______ ______ __ _______ ________ _______ _______ __ __________ ________ ‫أيمكنك إيقاظي في السابعة صباحاً؟‬ aymkank 'iiqazi fi alssabieat sbahaan?

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The development of language

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