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34 [thirty-four]

On the train

34 [trīsdesmit četri]	Vilcienā

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The development of language

Why we speak with each other is clear. We want to exchange ideas and understand each other. How exactly language originated, on the other hand, is less clear. Various theories exist about this. What's certain is that language is a very old phenomenon. Certain physical traits were a prerequisite for speaking. They were necessary in order for us to form sounds. People as far back as the Neanderthals had the ability to apply their voice. In this way, they could distinguish themselves from animals. Additionally, a loud, firm voice was important for defense. A person could threaten or frighten enemies with it. Back then, tools had already been made and fire had been discovered. This knowledge had to be passed along somehow. Speech was also important for hunting in groups. As early as 2 million years ago there was a simple understanding among people. The first linguistic elements were signs and gestures. But people wanted to be able to communicate in the dark too. More importantly, they also had the need to talk to each other without looking. Therefore, the voice developed, and it replaced the gestures. Language in today's sense is at least 50,000 years old. When Homo sapiens left Africa, they distributed language around the world. The languages separated from each other in the different regions. That is to say, various language families came into being. However, they only contained the fundamentals of language systems. The first languages were much less complex than languages today. They were further developed through grammar, phonology and semantics. It could be said that different languages have different solutions. But the problem was always the same: How do I show what I'm thinking?

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Is that the train to Berlin?	V_i š_s i_ v_l_i_n_ u_ B_r_ī_i_ Vai šis ir vilciens uz Berlīni? V__ š__ i_ v_______ u_ B_______ Vai šis ir vilciens uz Berlīni? ___ ___ __ ________ __ ________ Vai šis ir vilciens uz Berlīni?
When does the train leave?	C_k_s a_i_t v_l_i_n_? Cikos atiet vilciens? C____ a____ v________ Cikos atiet vilciens? _____ _____ _________ Cikos atiet vilciens?
When does the train arrive in Berlin?	C_k_s v_l_i_n_ p_e_ā_ B_r_ī_ē_ Cikos vilciens pienāk Berlīnē? C____ v_______ p_____ B_______ Cikos vilciens pienāk Berlīnē? _____ ________ ______ ________ Cikos vilciens pienāk Berlīnē?

Excuse me, may I pass?	A_v_i_o_i_t_ v_i e_ v_r_t_ p_i_t g_r_m_ Atvainojiet, vai es varētu paiet garām? A___________ v__ e_ v_____ p____ g_____ Atvainojiet, vai es varētu paiet garām? ____________ ___ __ ______ _____ ______ Atvainojiet, vai es varētu paiet garām?
I think this is my seat.	E_ d_m_j_, t_ i_ m_n_ v_e_a_ Es domāju, tā ir mana vieta. E_ d______ t_ i_ m___ v_____ Es domāju, tā ir mana vieta. __ _______ __ __ ____ ______ Es domāju, tā ir mana vieta.
I think you’re sitting in my seat.	E_ d_m_j_, J_s s_ž_t m_n_ v_e_ā_ Es domāju, Jūs sēžat manā vietā. E_ d______ J__ s____ m___ v_____ Es domāju, Jūs sēžat manā vietā. __ _______ ___ _____ ____ ______ Es domāju, Jūs sēžat manā vietā.

Where is the sleeper?	K_r i_ g_ļ_m_a_o_s_ Kur ir guļamvagons? K__ i_ g___________ Kur ir guļamvagons? ___ __ ____________ Kur ir guļamvagons?
The sleeper is at the end of the train.	G_ļ_m_a_o_s i_ v_l_i_n_ s_s_ā_a b_i_ā_. Guļamvagons ir vilciena sastāva beigās. G__________ i_ v_______ s______ b______ Guļamvagons ir vilciena sastāva beigās. ___________ __ ________ _______ _______ Guļamvagons ir vilciena sastāva beigās.
And where is the dining car? – At the front.	U_ k_r i_ r_s_o_ā_v_g_n_? – V_l_i_n_ s_s_ā_a s_k_m_. Un kur ir restorānvagons? – Vilciena sastāva sākumā. U_ k__ i_ r______________ – V_______ s______ s______ Un kur ir restorānvagons? – Vilciena sastāva sākumā. __ ___ __ _______________ _ ________ _______ _______ Un kur ir restorānvagons? – Vilciena sastāva sākumā.

Can I sleep below?	V_i e_ v_r_ g_l_t l_j_? Vai es varu gulēt lejā? V__ e_ v___ g____ l____ Vai es varu gulēt lejā? ___ __ ____ _____ _____ Vai es varu gulēt lejā?
Can I sleep in the middle?	V_i e_ v_r_ g_l_t v_d_? Vai es varu gulēt vidū? V__ e_ v___ g____ v____ Vai es varu gulēt vidū? ___ __ ____ _____ _____ Vai es varu gulēt vidū?
Can I sleep at the top?	V_i e_ v_r_ g_l_t a_g_ā_ Vai es varu gulēt augšā? V__ e_ v___ g____ a_____ Vai es varu gulēt augšā? ___ __ ____ _____ ______ Vai es varu gulēt augšā?

When will we get to the border?	K_d m_s b_s_m p_e r_b_ž_s_ Kad mēs būsim pie robežas? K__ m__ b____ p__ r_______ Kad mēs būsim pie robežas? ___ ___ _____ ___ ________ Kad mēs būsim pie robežas?
How long does the journey to Berlin take?	C_k i_g_ i_ b_a_c_e_s l_d_ B_r_ī_e_? Cik ilgs ir brauciens līdz Berlīnei? C__ i___ i_ b________ l___ B________ Cik ilgs ir brauciens līdz Berlīnei? ___ ____ __ _________ ____ _________ Cik ilgs ir brauciens līdz Berlīnei?
Is the train delayed?	V_i v_l_i_n_ k_v_j_s_ Vai vilciens kavējas? V__ v_______ k_______ Vai vilciens kavējas? ___ ________ ________ Vai vilciens kavējas?

Do you have something to read?	V_i J_m_ i_ k_u_ k_s k_ p_l_s_t_ Vai Jums ir kaut kas ko palasīt? V__ J___ i_ k___ k__ k_ p_______ Vai Jums ir kaut kas ko palasīt? ___ ____ __ ____ ___ __ ________ Vai Jums ir kaut kas ko palasīt?
Can one get something to eat and to drink here?	V_i t_ v_r d_b_t k_u_ k_ ē_a_u u_ d_e_a_u_ Vai te var dabūt kaut ko ēdamu un dzeramu? V__ t_ v__ d____ k___ k_ ē____ u_ d_______ Vai te var dabūt kaut ko ēdamu un dzeramu? ___ __ ___ _____ ____ __ _____ __ ________ Vai te var dabūt kaut ko ēdamu un dzeramu?
Could you please wake me up at 7 o’clock?	V_i J_s v_r_t_ m_n_ p_m_d_n_t 7_0_? Vai Jūs varētu mani pamodināt 7.00? V__ J__ v_____ m___ p________ 7____ Vai Jūs varētu mani pamodināt 7.00? ___ ___ ______ ____ _________ _____ Vai Jūs varētu mani pamodināt 7.00?

Phrasebook

The development of language

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