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34 [thirty-four]

On the train

34 [tridsaťštyri]	Vo vlaku

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The development of language

Why we speak with each other is clear. We want to exchange ideas and understand each other. How exactly language originated, on the other hand, is less clear. Various theories exist about this. What's certain is that language is a very old phenomenon. Certain physical traits were a prerequisite for speaking. They were necessary in order for us to form sounds. People as far back as the Neanderthals had the ability to apply their voice. In this way, they could distinguish themselves from animals. Additionally, a loud, firm voice was important for defense. A person could threaten or frighten enemies with it. Back then, tools had already been made and fire had been discovered. This knowledge had to be passed along somehow. Speech was also important for hunting in groups. As early as 2 million years ago there was a simple understanding among people. The first linguistic elements were signs and gestures. But people wanted to be able to communicate in the dark too. More importantly, they also had the need to talk to each other without looking. Therefore, the voice developed, and it replaced the gestures. Language in today's sense is at least 50,000 years old. When Homo sapiens left Africa, they distributed language around the world. The languages separated from each other in the different regions. That is to say, various language families came into being. However, they only contained the fundamentals of language systems. The first languages were much less complex than languages today. They were further developed through grammar, phonology and semantics. It could be said that different languages have different solutions. But the problem was always the same: How do I show what I'm thinking?

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Is that the train to Berlin?	J_ t_ v_a_ d_ B_r_í_a_ Je to vlak do Berlína? J_ t_ v___ d_ B_______ Je to vlak do Berlína? __ __ ____ __ ________ Je to vlak do Berlína?
When does the train leave?	K_d_ o_c_á_z_ v_a_? Kedy odchádza vlak? K___ o_______ v____ Kedy odchádza vlak? ____ ________ _____ Kedy odchádza vlak?
When does the train arrive in Berlin?	K_d_ p_í_e v_a_ d_ B_r_í_a_ Kedy príde vlak do Berlína? K___ p____ v___ d_ B_______ Kedy príde vlak do Berlína? ____ _____ ____ __ ________ Kedy príde vlak do Berlína?

Excuse me, may I pass?	P_e_á_t_, m_ž_m p_e_s_? Prepáčte, môžem prejsť? P________ m____ p______ Prepáčte, môžem prejsť? _________ _____ _______ Prepáčte, môžem prejsť?
I think this is my seat.	M_s_í_ s_, ž_ t_ j_ m_j_ m_e_t_. Myslím si, že to je moje miesto. M_____ s__ ž_ t_ j_ m___ m______ Myslím si, že to je moje miesto. ______ ___ __ __ __ ____ _______ Myslím si, že to je moje miesto.
I think you’re sitting in my seat.	M_s_í_, ž_ s_d_t_ n_ m_j_m m_e_t_. Myslím, že sedíte na mojom mieste. M______ ž_ s_____ n_ m____ m______ Myslím, že sedíte na mojom mieste. _______ __ ______ __ _____ _______ Myslím, že sedíte na mojom mieste.

Where is the sleeper?	K_e j_ l_ž_o_ý v_z_ň_ Kde je lôžkový vozeň? K__ j_ l______ v_____ Kde je lôžkový vozeň? ___ __ _______ ______ Kde je lôžkový vozeň?
The sleeper is at the end of the train.	L_ž_o_ý v_z_ň j_ n_ k_n_i v_a_u_ Lôžkový vozeň je na konci vlaku. L______ v____ j_ n_ k____ v_____ Lôžkový vozeň je na konci vlaku. _______ _____ __ __ _____ ______ Lôžkový vozeň je na konci vlaku.
And where is the dining car? – At the front.	A k_e j_ j_d_l_n_k_ v_z_ň_ – N_ z_č_a_k_. A kde je jedálenský vozeň? – Na začiatku. A k__ j_ j_________ v_____ – N_ z________ A kde je jedálenský vozeň? – Na začiatku. _ ___ __ __________ ______ _ __ _________ A kde je jedálenský vozeň? – Na začiatku.

Can I sleep below?	M_ž_m s_a_ d_l_? Môžem spať dole? M____ s___ d____ Môžem spať dole? _____ ____ _____ Môžem spať dole?
Can I sleep in the middle?	M_ž_m s_a_ v s_r_d_? Môžem spať v strede? M____ s___ v s______ Môžem spať v strede? _____ ____ _ _______ Môžem spať v strede?
Can I sleep at the top?	M_ž_m s_a_ h_r_? Môžem spať hore? M____ s___ h____ Môžem spať hore? _____ ____ _____ Môžem spať hore?

When will we get to the border?	K_d_ b_d_m_ n_ h_a_i_i_ Kedy budeme na hranici? K___ b_____ n_ h_______ Kedy budeme na hranici? ____ ______ __ ________ Kedy budeme na hranici?
How long does the journey to Berlin take?	A_o d_h_ t_v_ c_s_a d_ B_r_í_a_ Ako dlho trvá cesta do Berlína? A__ d___ t___ c____ d_ B_______ Ako dlho trvá cesta do Berlína? ___ ____ ____ _____ __ ________ Ako dlho trvá cesta do Berlína?
Is the train delayed?	M_ v_a_ m_š_a_i_? Má vlak meškanie? M_ v___ m________ Má vlak meškanie? __ ____ _________ Má vlak meškanie?

Do you have something to read?	M_t_ n_e_o n_ č_t_n_e_ Máte niečo na čítanie? M___ n____ n_ č_______ Máte niečo na čítanie? ____ _____ __ ________ Máte niečo na čítanie?
Can one get something to eat and to drink here?	M_ž_m t_ d_s_a_ n_e_o n_ j_d_n_e a p_t_e_ Môžem tu dostať niečo na jedenie a pitie? M____ t_ d_____ n____ n_ j______ a p_____ Môžem tu dostať niečo na jedenie a pitie? _____ __ ______ _____ __ _______ _ ______ Môžem tu dostať niečo na jedenie a pitie?
Could you please wake me up at 7 o’clock?	Z_b_d_l_ b_ s_e m_ o 7_0_? Zobudili by ste ma o 7.00? Z_______ b_ s__ m_ o 7____ Zobudili by ste ma o 7.00? ________ __ ___ __ _ _____ Zobudili by ste ma o 7.00?

Phrasebook

The development of language

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