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81 [eighty-one]

Past tense 1

81 [ottantuno]	Passato 1

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The history of linguistics

Languages have always fascinated mankind. The history of linguistics is therefore very long. Linguistics is the systematic study of language. Even thousands of years ago people contemplated language. In doing so, different cultures developed different systems. As a result, different descriptions of languages emerged. Today's linguistics are based on ancient theories more than anything else. Many traditions were established in Greece in particular. The oldest known work about language comes from India, however. It was written 3,000 years ago by the grammarian Sakatayana. In ancient times, philosophers like Plato busied themselves with languages. Later, Roman authors developed their theories further. Arabians, too, developed their own traditions in the 8th century. Even then, their works show precise descriptions of the Arabian language. In modern times, man particularly wanted to research where language comes from. Scholars were especially interested in the history of language. In the 18th century, people started to compare languages with each other. They wanted to understand how languages develop. Later they concentrated on languages as a system. The question of how languages function was the focal point. Today, a great number of schools of thought exist within linguistics. Many new disciplines have developed since the fifties. These were in part strongly influenced by other sciences. Examples are psycholinguistics or intercultural communication. The newer linguistic schools of thought are very specialized. One example of this is feminist linguistics. So the history of linguistics continues… As long as there are languages, man will contemplate them!

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to write	s_r_v_r_ scrivere s_______ scrivere ________ scrivere
He wrote a letter.	L_i h_ s_r_t_o u_a l_t_e_a_ Lui ha scritto una lettera. L__ h_ s______ u__ l_______ Lui ha scritto una lettera. ___ __ _______ ___ ________ Lui ha scritto una lettera.
And she wrote a card.	E l_i h_ s_r_t_o u_a c_r_o_i_a_ E lei ha scritto una cartolina. E l__ h_ s______ u__ c_________ E lei ha scritto una cartolina. _ ___ __ _______ ___ __________ E lei ha scritto una cartolina.

to read	l_g_e_e leggere l______ leggere _______ leggere
He read a magazine.	L_i h_ l_t_o u_a r_v_s_a_ Lui ha letto una rivista. L__ h_ l____ u__ r_______ Lui ha letto una rivista. ___ __ _____ ___ ________ Lui ha letto una rivista.
And she read a book.	E l_i h_ l_t_o u_ l_b_o_ E lei ha letto un libro. E l__ h_ l____ u_ l_____ E lei ha letto un libro. _ ___ __ _____ __ ______ E lei ha letto un libro.

to take	p_e_d_r_ prendere p_______ prendere ________ prendere
He took a cigarette.	L_i h_ p_e_o u_a s_g_r_t_a_ Lui ha preso una sigaretta. L__ h_ p____ u__ s_________ Lui ha preso una sigaretta. ___ __ _____ ___ __________ Lui ha preso una sigaretta.
She took a piece of chocolate.	L_i h_ p_e_o u_ p_z_o d_ c_o_c_l_t_. Lei ha preso un pezzo di cioccolato. L__ h_ p____ u_ p____ d_ c__________ Lei ha preso un pezzo di cioccolato. ___ __ _____ __ _____ __ ___________ Lei ha preso un pezzo di cioccolato.

He was disloyal, but she was loyal.	L_i e_a i_f_d_l_, m_ l_i e_a f_d_l_. Lui era infedele, ma lei era fedele. L__ e__ i________ m_ l__ e__ f______ Lui era infedele, ma lei era fedele. ___ ___ _________ __ ___ ___ _______ Lui era infedele, ma lei era fedele.
He was lazy, but she was hard-working.	L_i e_a p_g_o_ m_ l_i e_a a_t_v_. Lui era pigro, ma lei era attiva. L__ e__ p_____ m_ l__ e__ a______ Lui era pigro, ma lei era attiva. ___ ___ ______ __ ___ ___ _______ Lui era pigro, ma lei era attiva.
He was poor, but she was rich.	L_i e_a p_v_r_, m_ l_i e_a r_c_a_ Lui era povero, ma lei era ricca. L__ e__ p______ m_ l__ e__ r_____ Lui era povero, ma lei era ricca. ___ ___ _______ __ ___ ___ ______ Lui era povero, ma lei era ricca.

He had no money, only debts.	L_i n_n a_e_a s_l_i m_ d_b_t_. Lui non aveva soldi ma debiti. L__ n__ a____ s____ m_ d______ Lui non aveva soldi ma debiti. ___ ___ _____ _____ __ _______ Lui non aveva soldi ma debiti.
He had no luck, only bad luck.	L_i n_n a_e_a f_r_u_a m_ s_o_t_n_. Lui non aveva fortuna ma sfortuna. L__ n__ a____ f______ m_ s________ Lui non aveva fortuna ma sfortuna. ___ ___ _____ _______ __ _________ Lui non aveva fortuna ma sfortuna.
He had no success, only failure.	L_i n_n a_e_a s_c_e_s_ m_ i_s_c_e_s_. Lui non aveva successo ma insuccesso. L__ n__ a____ s_______ m_ i__________ Lui non aveva successo ma insuccesso. ___ ___ _____ ________ __ ___________ Lui non aveva successo ma insuccesso.

He was not satisfied, but dissatisfied.	L_i n_n e_a c_n_e_t_ m_ s_o_t_n_o_ Lui non era contento ma scontento. L__ n__ e__ c_______ m_ s_________ Lui non era contento ma scontento. ___ ___ ___ ________ __ __________ Lui non era contento ma scontento.
He was not happy, but sad.	L_i n_n e_a f_l_c_ m_ i_f_l_c_. Lui non era felice ma infelice. L__ n__ e__ f_____ m_ i________ Lui non era felice ma infelice. ___ ___ ___ ______ __ _________ Lui non era felice ma infelice.
He was not friendly, but unfriendly.	L_i n_n e_a s_m_a_i_o m_ a_t_p_t_c_. Lui non era simpatico ma antipatico. L__ n__ e__ s________ m_ a__________ Lui non era simpatico ma antipatico. ___ ___ ___ _________ __ ___________ Lui non era simpatico ma antipatico.

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The history of linguistics

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