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81 [eighty-one]

Past tense 1

81 [oitenta e um]	Passado 1

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The history of linguistics

Languages have always fascinated mankind. The history of linguistics is therefore very long. Linguistics is the systematic study of language. Even thousands of years ago people contemplated language. In doing so, different cultures developed different systems. As a result, different descriptions of languages emerged. Today's linguistics are based on ancient theories more than anything else. Many traditions were established in Greece in particular. The oldest known work about language comes from India, however. It was written 3,000 years ago by the grammarian Sakatayana. In ancient times, philosophers like Plato busied themselves with languages. Later, Roman authors developed their theories further. Arabians, too, developed their own traditions in the 8th century. Even then, their works show precise descriptions of the Arabian language. In modern times, man particularly wanted to research where language comes from. Scholars were especially interested in the history of language. In the 18th century, people started to compare languages with each other. They wanted to understand how languages develop. Later they concentrated on languages as a system. The question of how languages function was the focal point. Today, a great number of schools of thought exist within linguistics. Many new disciplines have developed since the fifties. These were in part strongly influenced by other sciences. Examples are psycholinguistics or intercultural communication. The newer linguistic schools of thought are very specialized. One example of this is feminist linguistics. So the history of linguistics continues… As long as there are languages, man will contemplate them!

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to write	e_c_e_e_ escrever e_______ escrever ________ escrever
He wrote a letter.	E_e e_c_e_e_ u_a c_r_a_ Ele escreveu uma carta. E__ e_______ u__ c_____ Ele escreveu uma carta. ___ ________ ___ ______ Ele escreveu uma carta.
And she wrote a card.	E e_a e_c_e_e_ u_ p_s_a_. E ela escreveu um postal. E e__ e_______ u_ p______ E ela escreveu um postal. _ ___ ________ __ _______ E ela escreveu um postal.

to read	l_r ler l__ ler ___ ler
He read a magazine.	E_e l_u u_a r_v_s_a_ Ele leu uma revista. E__ l__ u__ r_______ Ele leu uma revista. ___ ___ ___ ________ Ele leu uma revista.
And she read a book.	E e_a l_u u_ l_v_o_ E ela leu um livro. E e__ l__ u_ l_____ E ela leu um livro. _ ___ ___ __ ______ E ela leu um livro.

to take	p_g_r pegar p____ pegar _____ pegar
He took a cigarette.	E_e p_g_u n_m c_g_r_o_ Ele pegou num cigarro. E__ p____ n__ c_______ Ele pegou num cigarro. ___ _____ ___ ________ Ele pegou num cigarro.
She took a piece of chocolate.	E_a p_g_u n_m p_d_ç_ d_ c_o_o_a_e_ Ela pegou num pedaço de chocolate. E__ p____ n__ p_____ d_ c_________ Ela pegou num pedaço de chocolate. ___ _____ ___ ______ __ __________ Ela pegou num pedaço de chocolate.

He was disloyal, but she was loyal.	E_e f_i i_f_e_, m_s e_a f_i f_e_. Ele foi infiel, mas ela foi fiel. E__ f__ i______ m__ e__ f__ f____ Ele foi infiel, mas ela foi fiel. ___ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___ _____ Ele foi infiel, mas ela foi fiel.
He was lazy, but she was hard-working.	E_e e_a p_e_u_ç_s_, m_s e_a t_a_a_h_v_ m_i_o_ Ele era preguiçoso, mas ela trabalhava muito. E__ e__ p__________ m__ e__ t_________ m_____ Ele era preguiçoso, mas ela trabalhava muito. ___ ___ ___________ ___ ___ __________ ______ Ele era preguiçoso, mas ela trabalhava muito.
He was poor, but she was rich.	E_e e_a p_b_e_ m_s e_a e_a r_c_. Ele era pobre, mas ela era rica. E__ e__ p_____ m__ e__ e__ r____ Ele era pobre, mas ela era rica. ___ ___ ______ ___ ___ ___ _____ Ele era pobre, mas ela era rica.

He had no money, only debts.	E_e n_o t_n_a d_n_e_r_, s_ d_v_d_s_ Ele não tinha dinheiro, só dívidas. E__ n__ t____ d________ s_ d_______ Ele não tinha dinheiro, só dívidas. ___ ___ _____ _________ __ ________ Ele não tinha dinheiro, só dívidas.
He had no luck, only bad luck.	E_e n_o t_n_a s_r_e_ s_ a_a_. Ele não tinha sorte, só azar. E__ n__ t____ s_____ s_ a____ Ele não tinha sorte, só azar. ___ ___ _____ ______ __ _____ Ele não tinha sorte, só azar.
He had no success, only failure.	E_e n_o t_n_a s_c_s_o_ s_ i_s_c_s_o_ Ele não tinha sucesso, só insucesso. E__ n__ t____ s_______ s_ i_________ Ele não tinha sucesso, só insucesso. ___ ___ _____ ________ __ __________ Ele não tinha sucesso, só insucesso.

He was not satisfied, but dissatisfied.	E_e n_o e_t_v_ s_t_s_e_t_, m_s i_s_t_s_e_t_. Ele não estava satisfeito, mas insatisfeito. E__ n__ e_____ s__________ m__ i____________ Ele não estava satisfeito, mas insatisfeito. ___ ___ ______ ___________ ___ _____________ Ele não estava satisfeito, mas insatisfeito.
He was not happy, but sad.	E_e n_o e_t_v_ f_l_z_ m_s i_f_l_z_ Ele não estava feliz, mas infeliz. E__ n__ e_____ f_____ m__ i_______ Ele não estava feliz, mas infeliz. ___ ___ ______ ______ ___ ________ Ele não estava feliz, mas infeliz.
He was not friendly, but unfriendly.	E_e n_o e_a s_m_á_i_o_ m_s a_t_p_t_c_. Ele não era simpático, mas antipático. E__ n__ e__ s_________ m__ a__________ Ele não era simpático, mas antipático. ___ ___ ___ __________ ___ ___________ Ele não era simpático, mas antipático.

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The history of linguistics

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