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81 [eighty-one]

Past tense 1

81 [einundachtzig]	Vergangenheit 1

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The history of linguistics

Languages have always fascinated mankind. The history of linguistics is therefore very long. Linguistics is the systematic study of language. Even thousands of years ago people contemplated language. In doing so, different cultures developed different systems. As a result, different descriptions of languages emerged. Today's linguistics are based on ancient theories more than anything else. Many traditions were established in Greece in particular. The oldest known work about language comes from India, however. It was written 3,000 years ago by the grammarian Sakatayana. In ancient times, philosophers like Plato busied themselves with languages. Later, Roman authors developed their theories further. Arabians, too, developed their own traditions in the 8th century. Even then, their works show precise descriptions of the Arabian language. In modern times, man particularly wanted to research where language comes from. Scholars were especially interested in the history of language. In the 18th century, people started to compare languages with each other. They wanted to understand how languages develop. Later they concentrated on languages as a system. The question of how languages function was the focal point. Today, a great number of schools of thought exist within linguistics. Many new disciplines have developed since the fifties. These were in part strongly influenced by other sciences. Examples are psycholinguistics or intercultural communication. The newer linguistic schools of thought are very specialized. One example of this is feminist linguistics. So the history of linguistics continues… As long as there are languages, man will contemplate them!

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to write	s_h_e_b_n schreiben s________ schreiben _________ schreiben
He wrote a letter.	E_ s_h_i_b e_n_n B_i_f_ Er schrieb einen Brief. E_ s______ e____ B_____ Er schrieb einen Brief. __ _______ _____ ______ Er schrieb einen Brief.
And she wrote a card.	U_d s_e s_h_i_b e_n_ K_r_e_ Und sie schrieb eine Karte. U__ s__ s______ e___ K_____ Und sie schrieb eine Karte. ___ ___ _______ ____ ______ Und sie schrieb eine Karte.

to read	l_s_n lesen l____ lesen _____ lesen
He read a magazine.	E_ l_s e_n_ I_l_s_r_e_t_. Er las eine Illustrierte. E_ l__ e___ I____________ Er las eine Illustrierte. __ ___ ____ _____________ Er las eine Illustrierte.
And she read a book.	U_d s_e l_s e_n B_c_. Und sie las ein Buch. U__ s__ l__ e__ B____ Und sie las ein Buch. ___ ___ ___ ___ _____ Und sie las ein Buch.

to take	n_h_e_ nehmen n_____ nehmen ______ nehmen
He took a cigarette.	E_ n_h_ e_n_ Z_g_r_t_e_ Er nahm eine Zigarette. E_ n___ e___ Z_________ Er nahm eine Zigarette. __ ____ ____ __________ Er nahm eine Zigarette.
She took a piece of chocolate.	S_e n_h_ e_n S_ü_k S_h_k_l_d_. Sie nahm ein Stück Schokolade. S__ n___ e__ S____ S__________ Sie nahm ein Stück Schokolade. ___ ____ ___ _____ ___________ Sie nahm ein Stück Schokolade.

He was disloyal, but she was loyal.	E_ w_r u_t_e_, a_e_ s_e w_r t_e_. Er war untreu, aber sie war treu. E_ w__ u______ a___ s__ w__ t____ Er war untreu, aber sie war treu. __ ___ _______ ____ ___ ___ _____ Er war untreu, aber sie war treu.
He was lazy, but she was hard-working.	E_ w_r f_u_, a_e_ s_e w_r f_e_ß_g_ Er war faul, aber sie war fleißig. E_ w__ f____ a___ s__ w__ f_______ Er war faul, aber sie war fleißig. __ ___ _____ ____ ___ ___ ________ Er war faul, aber sie war fleißig.
He was poor, but she was rich.	E_ w_r a_m_ a_e_ s_e w_r r_i_h_ Er war arm, aber sie war reich. E_ w__ a___ a___ s__ w__ r_____ Er war arm, aber sie war reich. __ ___ ____ ____ ___ ___ ______ Er war arm, aber sie war reich.

He had no money, only debts.	E_ h_t_e k_i_ G_l_, s_n_e_n S_h_l_e_. Er hatte kein Geld, sondern Schulden. E_ h____ k___ G____ s______ S________ Er hatte kein Geld, sondern Schulden. __ _____ ____ _____ _______ _________ Er hatte kein Geld, sondern Schulden.
He had no luck, only bad luck.	E_ h_t_e k_i_ G_ü_k_ s_n_e_n P_c_. Er hatte kein Glück, sondern Pech. E_ h____ k___ G_____ s______ P____ Er hatte kein Glück, sondern Pech. __ _____ ____ ______ _______ _____ Er hatte kein Glück, sondern Pech.
He had no success, only failure.	E_ h_t_e k_i_e_ E_f_l_, s_n_e_n M_s_e_f_l_. Er hatte keinen Erfolg, sondern Misserfolg. E_ h____ k_____ E______ s______ M__________ Er hatte keinen Erfolg, sondern Misserfolg. __ _____ ______ _______ _______ ___________ Er hatte keinen Erfolg, sondern Misserfolg.

He was not satisfied, but dissatisfied.	E_ w_r n_c_t z_f_i_d_n_ s_n_e_n u_z_f_i_d_n_ Er war nicht zufrieden, sondern unzufrieden. E_ w__ n____ z_________ s______ u___________ Er war nicht zufrieden, sondern unzufrieden. __ ___ _____ __________ _______ ____________ Er war nicht zufrieden, sondern unzufrieden.
He was not happy, but sad.	E_ w_r n_c_t g_ü_k_i_h_ s_n_e_n u_g_ü_k_i_h_ Er war nicht glücklich, sondern unglücklich. E_ w__ n____ g_________ s______ u___________ Er war nicht glücklich, sondern unglücklich. __ ___ _____ __________ _______ ____________ Er war nicht glücklich, sondern unglücklich.
He was not friendly, but unfriendly.	E_ w_r n_c_t s_m_a_h_s_h_ s_n_e_n u_s_m_a_h_s_h_ Er war nicht sympathisch, sondern unsympathisch. E_ w__ n____ s___________ s______ u_____________ Er war nicht sympathisch, sondern unsympathisch. __ ___ _____ ____________ _______ ______________ Er war nicht sympathisch, sondern unsympathisch.

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The history of linguistics

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