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58 [fifty-eight]

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58 [пяцьдзесят восем] 58 [pyats’dzesyat vosem]	Часткі цела Chastkі tsela

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Does a universal grammar exist?

When we learn a language, we also learn its grammar. When children learn their native language, this happens automatically. They don't notice that their brain is learning various rules. Despite this, they learn their native language correctly from the beginning. Given that many languages exist, many grammar systems exist too. But is there also a universal grammar? Scientists have been studying this for a long time. New studies could provide an answer. Because brain researchers have made an interesting discovery. They had test subjects study grammar rules. These subjects were language school students. They studied Japanese or Italian. Half of the grammar rules were totally fabricated. However, the test subjects didn't know that. The students were presented with sentences after studying. They had to assess whether or not the sentences were correct. While they were working through the sentences, their brains were analyzed. That is to say, the researchers measured the activity of the brain. This way they could examine how the brain reacted to the sentences. And it appears that our brain recognizes grammar! When processing speech, certain brain areas are active. The Broca Center is one of them. It is located in the left cerebrum. When the students were faced with real grammar rules, it was very active. With the fabricated rules on the other hand, the activity decreased considerably. So it could be that all grammar systems have the same basis. Then they would all follow the same principles. And these principles would be inherent in us…

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I am drawing a man.	Я м_л_ю м_ж_ы_у_ Y_ m_l_u_u m_z_c_y_u_ Я малюю мужчыну. Ya malyuyu muzhchynu. Я м____ м_______ Y_ m______ m_________ Я малюю мужчыну. Ya malyuyu muzhchynu. _ _____ ________ __ _______ __________ Я малюю мужчыну. Ya malyuyu muzhchynu.
First the head.	С_а_а_к_ г_л_в_. S_a_h_t_u g_l_v_. Спачатку галаву. Spachatku galavu. С_______ г______ S________ g______ Спачатку галаву. Spachatku galavu. ________ _______ _________ _______ Спачатку галаву. Spachatku galavu.
The man is wearing a hat.	У м_ж_ы_ы н_ г_л_в_ к_п_л_ш_ U m_z_c_y_y n_ g_l_v_ k_p_a_y_s_. У мужчыны на галаве капялюш. U muzhchyny na galave kapyalyush. У м______ н_ г_____ к_______ U m________ n_ g_____ k__________ У мужчыны на галаве капялюш. U muzhchyny na galave kapyalyush. _ _______ __ ______ ________ _ _________ __ ______ ___________ У мужчыны на галаве капялюш. U muzhchyny na galave kapyalyush.

One cannot see the hair.	В_л_с_ў н_ б_ч_а_ V_l_s_u n_ b_c_n_. Валасоў не бачна. Valasou ne bachna. В______ н_ б_____ V______ n_ b______ Валасоў не бачна. Valasou ne bachna. _______ __ ______ _______ __ _______ Валасоў не бачна. Valasou ne bachna.
One cannot see the ears either.	В_ш_й т_к_а_а н_ б_ч_а_ V_s_e_ t_k_a_a n_ b_c_n_. Вушэй таксама не бачна. Vushey taksama ne bachna. В____ т______ н_ б_____ V_____ t______ n_ b______ Вушэй таксама не бачна. Vushey taksama ne bachna. _____ _______ __ ______ ______ _______ __ _______ Вушэй таксама не бачна. Vushey taksama ne bachna.
One cannot see his back either.	С_і_у т_к_а_а н_ б_ч_а_ S_і_u t_k_a_a n_ b_c_n_. Спіну таксама не бачна. Spіnu taksama ne bachna. С____ т______ н_ б_____ S____ t______ n_ b______ Спіну таксама не бачна. Spіnu taksama ne bachna. _____ _______ __ ______ _____ _______ __ _______ Спіну таксама не бачна. Spіnu taksama ne bachna.

I am drawing the eyes and the mouth.	Я м_л_ю в_ч_ і р_т_ Y_ m_l_u_u v_c_y і r_t_ Я малюю вочы і рот. Ya malyuyu vochy і rot. Я м____ в___ і р___ Y_ m______ v____ і r___ Я малюю вочы і рот. Ya malyuyu vochy і rot. _ _____ ____ _ ____ __ _______ _____ _ ____ Я малюю вочы і рот. Ya malyuyu vochy і rot.
The man is dancing and laughing.	М_ж_ы_а т_н_у_ і с_я_ц_а_ M_z_c_y_a t_n_s_e і s_y_y_t_t_a_ Мужчына танцуе і смяецца. Muzhchyna tantsue і smyayetstsa. М______ т_____ і с_______ M________ t______ і s___________ Мужчына танцуе і смяецца. Muzhchyna tantsue і smyayetstsa. _______ ______ _ ________ _________ _______ _ ____________ Мужчына танцуе і смяецца. Muzhchyna tantsue і smyayetstsa.
The man has a long nose.	У м_ж_ы_ы д_ў_і н_с_ U m_z_c_y_y d_u_і n_s_ У мужчыны доўгі нос. U muzhchyny dougі nos. У м______ д____ н___ U m________ d____ n___ У мужчыны доўгі нос. U muzhchyny dougі nos. _ _______ _____ ____ _ _________ _____ ____ У мужчыны доўгі нос. U muzhchyny dougі nos.

He is carrying a cane in his hands.	Ё_ н_с_ ў р_к_х п_л_у_ E_ n_a_e u r_k_k_ p_l_u_ Ён нясе ў руках палку. En nyase u rukakh palku. Ё_ н___ ў р____ п_____ E_ n____ u r_____ p_____ Ён нясе ў руках палку. En nyase u rukakh palku. __ ____ _ _____ ______ __ _____ _ ______ ______ Ён нясе ў руках палку. En nyase u rukakh palku.
He is also wearing a scarf around his neck.	У я_о п_в_з_н_ ш_л_к в_к_л ш_і_ U y_g_ p_v_a_a_y s_a_і_ v_k_l s_y_. У яго павязаны шалік вакол шыі. U yago pavyazany shalіk vakol shyі. У я__ п_______ ш____ в____ ш___ U y___ p________ s_____ v____ s____ У яго павязаны шалік вакол шыі. U yago pavyazany shalіk vakol shyі. _ ___ ________ _____ _____ ____ _ ____ _________ ______ _____ _____ У яго павязаны шалік вакол шыі. U yago pavyazany shalіk vakol shyі.
It is winter and it is cold.	Ц_п_р з_м_ і х_л_д_а_ T_y_p_r z_m_ і k_o_a_n_. Цяпер зіма і холадна. Tsyaper zіma і kholadna. Ц____ з___ і х_______ T______ z___ і k________ Цяпер зіма і холадна. Tsyaper zіma і kholadna. _____ ____ _ ________ _______ ____ _ _________ Цяпер зіма і холадна. Tsyaper zіma і kholadna.

The arms are athletic.	Р_к_ м_ц_ы_. R_k_ m_t_n_y_. Рукі моцныя. Rukі motsnyya. Р___ м______ R___ m________ Рукі моцныя. Rukі motsnyya. ____ _______ ____ _________ Рукі моцныя. Rukі motsnyya.
The legs are also athletic.	Н_г_ т_к_а_а м_ц_ы_. N_g_ t_k_a_a m_t_n_y_. Ногі таксама моцныя. Nogі taksama motsnyya. Н___ т______ м______ N___ t______ m________ Ногі таксама моцныя. Nogі taksama motsnyya. ____ _______ _______ ____ _______ _________ Ногі таксама моцныя. Nogі taksama motsnyya.
The man is made of snow.	М_ж_ы_а с_ с_е_у_ M_z_c_y_a s_ s_e_u_ Мужчына са снегу. Muzhchyna sa snegu. М______ с_ с_____ M________ s_ s_____ Мужчына са снегу. Muzhchyna sa snegu. _______ __ ______ _________ __ ______ Мужчына са снегу. Muzhchyna sa snegu.

He is neither wearing pants nor a coat.	Ё_ н_ н_с_ц_ ш_а_о_ і п_л_т_. E_ n_ n_s_t_’ s_t_n_u і p_l_t_. Ён не носіць штаноў і паліто. En ne nosіts’ shtanou і palіto. Ё_ н_ н_____ ш_____ і п______ E_ n_ n______ s______ і p______ Ён не носіць штаноў і паліто. En ne nosіts’ shtanou і palіto. __ __ ______ ______ _ _______ __ __ _______ _______ _ _______ Ён не носіць штаноў і паліто. En ne nosіts’ shtanou і palіto.
But the man is not freezing.	А_е м_ж_ы_а н_ з_м_р_а_. A_e m_z_c_y_a n_ z_m_a_z_e_ Але мужчына не замярзае. Ale muzhchyna ne zamyarzae. А__ м______ н_ з________ A__ m________ n_ z_________ Але мужчына не замярзае. Ale muzhchyna ne zamyarzae. ___ _______ __ _________ ___ _________ __ __________ Але мужчына не замярзае. Ale muzhchyna ne zamyarzae.
He is a snowman.	Ё_ – с_е_а_і_. E_ – s_e_a_і_. Ён – снегавік. En – snegavіk. Ё_ – с________ E_ – s________ Ён – снегавік. En – snegavіk. __ _ _________ __ _ _________ Ён – снегавік. En – snegavіk.

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Does a universal grammar exist?

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